02 November 2012

TUGAS CHUUKYUU


書きましょう
A-1
1.テレビで、ふつうの人が都会で家が持てなくなってきたということを聞いて、空気が 汚れたのは問題だと考えさせられた。
2.ラジオで、工場の出すきたない水で魚がたくさん死んだということを聞いて、厳格なルーのはもんだいだと考えさせられた。
3.新聞で、勉強のため、夜十時ごろ家へ帰る小学生がふえているということを読んで、遊び時間が経るのは問題だと考えさせられた。
A-2
1.父の言葉は確かにあまり多くないが、子供が自分で決めることができてほしいという気持ちが伝わる。
2.先生は確かに時々きびしいことを言うが、規律の学生になってほしいという気持ちが伝わる。
3.ジョンソンさんは確かに日本語があまり上手ではないが、日本人に住を教えてほしいという気持ちが伝わる。
»»  Read More...

08 June 2012

Type of Text


Descriptive Text
Descriptive texts are the texts which are used to describe about a particular place, person or thing. Descriptions are almost the same as report text. A descriptive text focuses on a specific thing and its specific features. A report usually deals with things in general. Descriptions can be used in textbook, encyclopedias, scientific magazines, historical texts, factual reading book, magazines etc
A. Generic Structure of Descriptive text
1. Identification : identifies the phenomenon to be described
2. Description of Features : describes features in order of importance
• Parts/ things, it is about physical appearance
• Qualities, it can be the degree of beauty, excellence, value or worth
• Characteristic, it can be prominent aspects that are unique
NOTES:
1. Difference between descriptive and reports can be seen as follow: descriptive texts talk about one specific person, place or thing, e.g. “My Car” and reports classify and describe a whole class of thing, e.g. “Cars” (in general). In short, reports deal with general classification and description of thing while descriptive texts describe a particular thing.
2.The description can cover the facts about various aspects of an object (parts, colour, shape, habits, behaviour, personalities etc
B.Generic Features of Descriptive
1.Descriptive texts usually use Simple Present Tense
2.Frequent use of Passive sentences.
3.Use of be (is, am, are, was, were) for the identification and showing qualities
4.Use of verb “Have” (have, has, had) in order to give detail description of the object’s features.
5.Use of action verbs related to the topic, especially when describing behaviours or personalities (for persons)
6.Use of adjectives in describing especially the qualities.

Read This Text of Descriptive !

Around Bali
Identification:
Bali, the fabled “Island of the Gods” has been enchanting visitors for centuries with its rich cultural traditions and spectacular panoramas.

description:
Bali offers many things, from lofty, mist enshrouded volcanoes and cool mountain lakes down through terraced rice fields to a golden strand lapped by azure waters, every square inch of Bali offers a fresh and unforgettable image.

description:
No less enchanting are its people. Some 2,7 million souls whose artistry and piety are recognized throughout the world. Balinese Hinduism, a complex fusion of Indian cosmology, Tantric Buddism and homegrown mythology, is the primary faith of Bali’s inhabitants, and so deeply woven into the fabric of their daily lives that the line between the spiritual and the material is blurry at best.



Explanation Text
An explanation text explains the processes involved in the formation or workings of natural or non natural/ sociocultural phenomena. In addition, An explanation text gives you a step by step explanation. The explanation sequence contains a sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs. This explanation is written in paragraphs.

The concept of an explanation text:
Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation and working of natural or socio cultural phenomena

Text Organization/ structure:
1. A general statement to position the reader (introductory paragraph)
2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs
3. Closing or concluding statement/ paragraph (optional)

Language Features:
· Focus on generic, non-human participants
· The use of general and abstract nouns
· The use of action verbs
· The use of simple present tense
· The use of passive voice
· The use of conjunctions of time and cause
· The use of noun phrases
· The use of complex sentences
· The use of technical language

Read the example of an explanation text below!
Tsunami
A general Statement:
A tsunami is a very large sea wave that is generated by a disturbance along the ocean floor. This disturbance can be an earthquake, a landslide, or a volcanic eruption. A tsunami is undetectable far out in the ocean, but once it reaches shallow water, this fast-traveling wave grows very large.

Explanation:
Tsunamis occur when a major fault under the ocean floor suddenly slips. The displaced rock pushes water above it like a giant paddle, producing powerful water waves at the ocean surface. The ocean waves spread out from the vicinity of the earthquake source and move across the ocean until they reach the coastline, where their height increases as they reach the continental shelf, the part of the Earth’s crust that slopes, or rises, from the ocean floor up to the land.

Closing:
Tsunamis wash ashore with often disastrous effects such as severe flooding, loss of lives due to drowning, and damage to property.





Narrative Text
A narrative is a type of spoken or written text that tells a story of one character or more who face certain situations. There are various kinds of narratives such as fairy stories, mysteries, science fictions, romance, horror, etc. This type of text can be found in short story books, magazines, novels, movies etc. Narrative is popular because they present a plot which consists of complications and resolutions. They make people feel curious and anxious with the ends of the stories. The generic structure of narrative usually has four components (but the one is optional): (1) Orientation, (2) Complication (3) Resolution and (4) Re-orientation (it is optional).

A.Generic Structure of Narrative
1. Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants (characters) of the
story, the time and place the story happened (Who, what, when
and where)
2. Complication : a crisis arises. A series of events in which the main character
Attempts to solve the problem
3. Resolution : the crisis is resolved, for better or worse
4. Re-orientation: it is optional. The ending of story. It sometimes contains the –
solution

B. Generic Features
1.A narrative focuses on specific participants.
2.There are many action verbs, verbal and mental processes
3.Direct and indirect speeches are often used
4.It usually uses Past Tense
5.Linking words are used, related with time
6.There are sometimes some dialog and the tense can change
7.Descriptive language is used to create listener’s or reader’s imagination
8.Temporal conjunctions are also used.

Now read this text of narrative!

When Love is Blind
Orientation:
There was once a beautiful girl living in a city. She was known as Shinta, a nice and friendly girl. She studied at a popular senior high school in the city. She always followed the trend of young people life style. She got dressed as how the trend was at the time. In her idea, western modern life was the ideal model for all people. She thought that everybody should be free to do anything he or she liked.

She had a handsome boyfriend, Deo. Having a boy or girl friend was like a must for the young people in the city. Parent’s advice to get away from western culture was considered as old-fashioned.

Shinta loved his boyfriend very much. On Saturday evening they made a date, going to a theatre, café or party. Shinta’s parents were worried about her. They have warned her but she ignored them.

She thought, “Though my parents don’t agree with me, the show must go on. I love him very much. Whatever happens to me, I will face it”. Yes love was blind. She got blind. Since then, she often quarreled with her father and mother. She became uncontrolled. She more often went out at night with the boyfriend. But, her parents could do nothing but only wait, see and pray.

Complication:
Days went by. One morning, Shinta got a serious stomachache and wanted to throw up. She got dizzy; she went to the bathroom and threw up some contents of her stomach. Shinta was very worried. “Am I getting pregnant?” she asked herself. Her worries grew stronger until she decided to buy a pregnancy tester in a shop. She tested her urine. And … what a shock! The tester showed a positive pregnancy. Shinta got fainted in her room for some minutes. She was very afraid that her mother knew what happened.

Shinta tried to hide her pregnancy. Her face got pale every day and looked unhealthy. She tried to contact Deo. Knowing her girlfriend got pregnant; he was also frustrated and didn’t want to admit that he was the father of the baby. He tried to avoid meeting Shinta. He was not responsible for the consequence. He asked her to abort the baby, but she refused.

The stomach became bigger and bigger, but she was successful to hide it from other’s sight. She was very depressed, and more and more. Four months later, in one evening, when she could no longer be able to keep the burden, she decided to do abortion. In her bedroom, she took a chair and jumped from it to the floor. When her feet touched the floor, a bloody clod of a red fetus covered with placenta was dropped, cried and move several seconds, then stopped moving. The blood was running out of her skirt, making the floor wet. Shinta could see what happened in front of her eyes, didn’t know what to do. She tried to stand up. But then she got unconscious.

The next day, in the morning when she didn’t get out of the room, Shinta’s mother called her name several times. No answer made the mother open the room door and looked inside. She saw blood everywhere in the floor and walls. The horror was shocking her when she found her daughter lying near the dead small fetus. She was upset but could control herself.


Resolution:
Shinta’s mother quickly took her to the hospital. But, it’s too late. On the way Shinta died before she got a help. On the same day, the news about Shinta spread throughout the city.
Written by Cahyono

To make it clear, please remember the concept of narrative below:
Purpose:
To amuse or entertain
To deal with actual or imaginative experiences in different ways

Text Organization of Narrative
Orientation
Complication
Resolution

Language Features of Narrative
Focus on specific and individualized participants
The use of material process (action verbs)
The use of some behavioral and verbal processes
The use of relational and mental processes
The use of past tenses
The use of temporal conjunctions and circumstances



Recount Text
In our life, time goes by until some of us die. We surely go through this life passing the time. During the whole of life, we have many happened experiences that we left behind. Sometimes we remember those experiences and sometimes we forget about them. In fact, we keep some of the events in our memory. They become our unforgettable experiences. Some are nice and some are bad experiences.

What is Recount?
A recount is a type of spoken or written text that deals with past experiences. The function is to retell some events that happened in the past for certain purposes; to inform and or to entertain the listeners or readers. A recount text has a generic structure, having three components (one is optional). They are: (1) Orientation, (2) Events and (3) Reorientation ( optional).

Recounts are principally not the same as Narratives although both talk about past events. Narratives deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point which in turn finds a resolution while recounts do not have to come to a serious crisis or complication.

A. Generic Structure of Recount Text
1. Orientation : an introduction that provides the setting and introduces participant
2. Events : account that tells what happened, in a sequence
· Event 1
· Event 2
· Event 3
· Etc
3. Reorientation (optional) : Closing of events

B. Generic Features of Recount text
1. The recount focuses on a sequence of events all of which relate to a particular occasion
2. It introduces specific participants
3. frequent uses of Simple Past Tense
4. Past continuous tense is sometimes used
5. Temporal sequencers are also used in the sentences to show the events. They are listed below:
· Before
· After
· When
· While
· … until …
· During …
· As …
· At that time …
· At that moment …
· After that …
· After then …
· Firstly …
· Secondly …
· Finally
Etc

Now read this text!
Title
How could I Hide my face?
Orientation:
One afternoon a month ago, I was very hungry. As I didn’t cook anything to eat lunch, I decided to go to a café about a hundred meters from my boarding house.

Events:
I changed my trousers and shirt then left for the café by myself because my roommate hadn’t come yet from the school. As soon as I got to the café, I ordered the meal with fresh vegetable soup that seemed very delicious in the hot day, and also a glass of tea. When they were served, I ate up eagerly the meal and soup and drank the tea. I was satisfied and it was the time to pay. I grabbed my trousers pocket and I was shocked. My hands didn’t feel there was any wallet there. I felt so embarrassed that I didn’t dare to see the faces of the customers. My body stayed still on the chair and began sweating.

I tried to control myself in front of the people. I collected my courage to come to the cashier to say something. Feeling uneasy, I told her that I left my wallet in the other trousers at the boarding house and promised to take it and come back soon. Some customers looked at me. I thought I must hide my face. She nodded and said it was not a matter.

Reorientation:
Finally, I ran to the house and got back with the money. I gave it to her and came out of the café. What a relief! It should not happen again to me

To make it clear, please remember the concept or recount below:
Recounts tell the reader what happened. They retell a past event e.g. a visit to a farm two months ago.
Recounts begin by telling the reader who was involved, what happened, where this event tool place and when it happened. This is called the orientation.
The sequence of events is then described in some sort of order e.g. time.
There may be a reorientation at the end which summarizes the event.
Writing recount:
When writing a recounts you should:
· Focus on individual people, i.e. use the words, “I”, or “we”
· Use words which indicate when, (e.g. after lunch) and where the events took place (e.g. in the afternoon)
· Write it in the past tense
· Use action verbs e.g. helped, walked, enjoyed



Procedure Text
Procedure is the set of steps which should be completed in the right sequence to get the goal. In our daily life, we often have to perform some steps to make or get something done. For example, early in the morning, you help your mother prepare cups of tea for all members of your family. In making cups of tea, you have to follow certain procedure in order to get a nice drink. Most of our daily activities are related with procedures. That is why, you should understand what a procedure text is, how to make and use it. The generic structure of procedure has three principal components namely (1) the goal, (2) materials and (3) steps.

A. Generic Structure of procedure
1. Goal : Title of the text (especially for a recipe)
2. Materials : Optional, not for all procedural texts
3. Steps : a series steps oriented to achieving the Goal

B. Generic Features
1. The use of Simple Present Tense, often in an imperative form e.g. Add some sugar, prepare it,.
2. The use mainly of temporal conjunction (or numbering to indicate sequence especially in written text)

a. As the sentence introducers (sequencers) especially in spoken text:
First … Firstly …
Second … Secondly …
Then … Thirdly …
After that … Afterwards …
Finally … Lastly …
e.g. Firstly, prepare some water!

b. As time introducers, especially in written text
… before …
After …
When …
While …
… until …
During …
e.g. While you are boiling the water, grind the chilies, onions and salt

Now read this text!

Goal:
How to activate a Handphone
Nowadays, we need a handphone to connect to our colleagues. We can get it easily in the shop. When we buy it we shall get a handphone, a SIM card, a battery and a charger

steps:
This is the way to activate the handphone:
· First, open the cover of the handphone
· Second, insert the SIM card after being installed
· Third, insert the battery inside
· Fourth, close the battery with a cover of handphone
· Fifth, connect the lead from the charger to the bottom of the phone.
· Sixth, connect the charger to an AC wall outlet. Charging the battery supplied with the phone may take four up to six hours.
Seventh, when the battery is fully charged, the bar stops scrolling. Disconnect the charger from the AC outlet and the phone. Then, we are ready to make a phone call.

To make it clear, please remember the concept of procedure below:
Purpose:
Procedures help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instruction or direction

Text Organization:
Title
Goal
Materials and equipment needed (optional)
Steps

Language Features:
The use of imperative
Include technical terms
Use words that tell the reader how, when and where to perform the task



Report Text
Reports are used for many purposes. They are to provide information about natural and non-natural phenomena, to document, to organize and store factual information on a topic, to classify and describe the phenomena about a whole class of things –living and non living, to describe the way things are. Reports can be used in textbooks, encyclopedias, scientific magazines, historical texts, factual reading books, reference books, classroom lesson, environment program, TV documentaries, magazines etc. a report text has its own generic structure. It has two components namely (1) general classification, (2) description.

Reports are principally not the same as descriptions although they can be used interchangeable.
A.Generic Structure of Report:
1.General Classification : tells what the phenomenon under discussion is
2.Descriptions : tells what the phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of: Parts (and their function), Qualities and Habits or behaviour

Notes:
1. Difference between reports and descriptions: Repots classify and describe a whole class of things e.g. “Houses”. By contrast, descriptive texts talk about on specific person, place or thing e.g. “My houses”. In short, reports deal with general classification and description of a thing while descriptions describe a particular thing.
2. The description can cover the facts about various aspects of the object (colour, shape, habits, behaviour etc), giving examples, comparing and contrasting, describing components and their functions.

B. Generic Features of Report
1. Report texts usually used Simple Present Tense, and seldom use past tenses (if the thing is extinct)
2. The language is neutral or should be objective: no expression of opinions, no reference to the reader (not using “I”, “we” or “you”).
3. Frequent use of “Passive Sentence”.
4. Use of “be”: is, am, are, was, were for the classification.
5. Use of verb “have”: have, has, had, in order to give detail description.
6. Use of action verbs related to the topic, especially when describing behaviours.
7. Use of adjectives in describing especially the qualities.
8. Often accompanied by photos, diagrams, maps and illustrations.


Now read this text of Report!

What is Apiculture?
General Classification
Apiculture is also called a bee-farming, the cultivation of bees on a commercial scale for the production of honey. Royal jelly and bee pollen are the other products of it. There are many species of bee. Some of them are Apis Cerana, Apis Dorsata, Apis florae and Apis Malifera. Among those species, Apis Malifera is the most productive and the easiest to be cultivated.

Description
A bee colony consists of one queen, a lot of worker bees and some drones, stingless male bees in a colony of social bees (especially honeybees) whose sole function is to mate with the queen. Each group has its specific duty. The queen, for example, only lays eggs, the drones have duty to copulate the queen, and the workers have to take care of the queen, drones and larvae. They are also responsible for seeking flowers and nectar.

Description
To obtain good production, the farmers have to be able to provide the most productive flowers nearby the cultivation or they have to travel through forests, bushes, and plantations to find them. The best flowers can produce ample material for bee products. Many people like to consume honey because it is believed to give benefit for health, The Holy Koran says that the bee stomach produces some liquid that is very beneficial for human health.

To make it clear, please remember the concept of Report text below!

Social Function:
To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man-made and social phenomena in our environment.

Schematic Structure:
General statement/ classification: introduces the topic of the reports
Description : provide details of topic such as physical appearance, behaviour, landform and uses (typically organized in paragraph)

Notes:
1. Simple Present Tense is mostly used in the report text either in active sentences or in passive sentences.
2.The use of Relational process, such as: is, consist of, function as, derive from, to be classified into, to be identified as etc.
3.The use of special nouns that denotes the characteristics of the thing such as: features, forms, functions, species etc.
4.The use of special technical terms such as: the parts of the body (e.g: brain, vein, vascular), the parts of the tree (e.g: stem, root, leaf, branch), the parts of machine (e.g: gear, screw, bolt etc).
5.No temporal sequences are used. If there is (e.g: first, second, third, the last etc). it only indicates numbering not an event.

»»  Read More...

15 March 2012

Pelajaran 48 Bentuk Kausatif (Suruhan)



1.          K. Kerja Kausatif
Cara Pembentukan Kata Kerja Kausatif.


Bentuk sopan
Bentuk biasa
I
Ikimasu
Ikasemasu
Ikaseru
II
Tabemasu
Tabesasemasu
Tabesaseru
III
Kimasu
Kosasemasu
Kosaseru

Shimasu
Sasemasu
saseru
Seluruh kata kerja sebagai K. Kerja kelompok II berkonjugasi ke dalam bentuk kamus, Bentuk -nai, Bentuk –te dll.
Contoh : ikaseru, ikasenai,ikasete.


2.            Kalimat Kata Kerja Kausatif.
Ada dua jenis kata kerja kausatif yaitu pelakunya ditunjukkan dengan partikel ‘o’ dan ‘ni’. Apabila kata kerjanya adalah K. Kerja intransitive, digunakan ‘o’.
Apabila kata kerjanya transitif digunakan ‘ni’. Pada kata kerja transitif tidak menjadi masalah objeknya disebutkan atau tidak.

Kata Benda(orang) o K.Kerja(intransitive) kausatif
1. buchou wa katousan o Oosaka e shuuchousaremasu. ( Kepala bagian menyuruh saudara Sato dinas ke Osaka)
2. watashi wa musume o jiyuu ni asobasemasu. (Saya membiarkan anak perempuan saya bermain sebebasnya.)
[catatan] Sebagai perkecualian, jika K. Kerja intransitive mengikuti K. Benda(tempat) o, maka inti perbuatan ditunjukkan dengan ni. Tetapi jika tidak, untuk tanda pelaku menggunakan o.
3. watashi wa kodomo ni michi no migigawa o arukasemasu. ( Saya menyuruh kepada anak untuk berjalan di sebelah kanan.
4. watashi wa kodomo o arukasemasu. (Saya menyuruh anak berjalan)

Kata Benda(orang) ni Kata Benda o Kata kerja transitif kausatif.
5. Asa wa isogashii desukara, musume ni asagohan no jyunbi o tetsudawasemasu.
(Karena pagi-pagi sibuk, saya menyuruh anak perempuan saya untuk membantu menyiapkan sarapan)
6. Sensei wa seito ni jiyuu ni iken o iwasemashita.
(Guru membiarkan murid mengeluarkan perdapatnya dengan bebas.)

3.            Cara Penggunaan Kata Kerja kausatif
Kata kerja kausatif menunjukkan arti pemaksaan dan pemberian ijin. Digunakan oleh orang yang kedudukannya lebih tinggi untuk memaksa orang yang kedudukannya lebih rendah untuk melakukan sesuatu atau member izin untuk melakukan sesuatu, apabila hubungan kedudukan yang sudah jelas, misalnya orangtua dan anak, kakak dan adik, atasan dan bawahan di perusahaan dll.
Contoh 1 dan 5 menyatakan pemaksaan, sedangkan 2 dan 6 menyatakan pemberian izin. Dalam organisasi seperti perusahaan, jika seseorang ingin member tahu orang lain di luar organisasi bahwa ia akan menyuruh orang dalam untuk melakukan sesuatu, maka ia akan menggunakan kalimat kausatif tanpa memperhatikan hubungan status di organisasi tersebut seperti pada contoh berikut.
7. eki ni tsuitara, odenwa o kudasai.
Kakari no mono o mukaeni ikasemasukara.
…wakarimashita.
Silakan menelepon saya pada waktu anda tiba di stasiun.
Saya akan menyuruh petugas ke sana.
…Baik.
[Catatan] jika seorang bawahan hendak meminta atasan untuk melakukan sesuatu dan terdapat hubungan atasan dan bawahan secara jelas, maka digunakan K. Bentuk –te itadakimasu. Jika keduduka kedua belah pihak sama atau tidak jelas, maka digunakan K. Kerja Bentuk –te moraimasu.
8. watashi wa buchou ni setsumeishite itadakimashita.
(Saya menerima penjelasan dari kepala bagian.)
9. Watashi wa tomodachi ni setsumeishite moraimashita.
(Saya menerima penjelasan dari teman.)
[Catatan] Dari contoh 8 dapat kita pahami bahwa biasanya K. Kerja Kausatif tidak dapat digunakan oleh bawahan kepada atasan. Sebagai kekecualian, kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan emosi seperti anshinsuru, simpaisuru, gakkarisuru dll, dapat digunakan oleh bawahan kepada atasan.
10. kodomo no toki, karada ga yowakute, haha o simpaisasemashita.
(waktu kecil, karena tubuh saya lemah, saya membuat ibu khawatir.)

4.            Kata Kerja Kausatif Bentuk –te itadakemasenka. (Dapatkah anda mengizinkan saya~
Dapat digunakan pada waktu pembicara memohon persetujuan dari lawan bicara terhadap perilaku sendiri.
11. copy-ki no tsukaikata o oshiete itadakemasenka.
(Mohon ajari saya cara penggunaan mesih photocopy.
12. tomodachi no kekkonsiki ga arunode, soutaisasete itadakemasenka.
(Karena ada pesta pernikahan teman, dapatkan anda mengizinkan saya pulang lebih awal?)

Orang yang ‘oshieru’ pada contoh 11 adalah lawan bicara, sedangkan orang yang ‘soutaisuru’ pada contoh 12 adalah pembicara.
»»  Read More...

10 March 2012

HARI SUCI NYEPI


Hari Suci Nyepi

Hari Raya Nyepi adalah hari pergantian tahun Saka (Isakawarsa) yang dirayakan setiap satu tahun sekali yang jatuh pada sehari sesudah tileming kesanga pada tanggal 1 sasih Kedasa. 

Arti Perayaan Hari Raya Nyepi:
Hari Raya Nyepi
Nyepi adalah pergantian tahun Çaka.
Rangkaian Perayaan Nyepi adalah :Tawur, Melelasti, Amati Geni / Sipeng, dan Ngembak Geni

Tawur
Tawur adalah : Penyucian/ pemarisudha bhuta kala yang dalam pemujaan dimurtikan, setelah diberi tawur menjadi somiya.
Ngerupuk adalah lanjutan daripada pelaksanaan tawur yang dilaksanakan di tiap- tiap pekarangan rumah.
Pelaksanaan Tawur:
Kontroversi:
  • Menurut Sundarigama tawur, diadakan pada perwanining tilem kesanga.
  • Menurut Swamandala, tawur diadakan pada tilem kesanga, tidak membenarkan berlakunya pada perwaninya. Selanjutnya Swamandala tidak membenarkan dilaksanakannya tawur pada waktu cetramasa, apabila kebetulan jatuh sesudah wuku Dungulan, sebelum Budha Keliwon Pahang, oleh karena itu tawur tersebut dilakukan pada Tilem Kedasa.
  • Kemudian Widhi Sastra dalam lontar Dewa Tattwa Niti Bhatara Putrajaya, memperkuat Swamandala. Rupanya sesudah Budha Keliwon Dungulan sampai dengan Budha Keliwon Pahang adalah somiyanya Bhatari Durgha, sebab itu tidak baik melaksanakan tawur, karena tawur adalah untuk Durgha Murti.

Melasti
Melasti = melelasti = nganyudang malaning gumi ngamet Tirta Amerta. Menghanyutkan kekotoran alam menggunakan air kehidupan. Segara (laut) dianggap sebagai sumber Tirtha Amertha (Dewa Ruci, Pemuteran Mandaragiri).
Selambat- lambatnya pada tilem sore, pelelastian harus sudah selesai secara keseluruhan, dan pratima yang disucikan sudah harus berada di bale agung.

Berata Penyepian
Amati GeniTidak menyalakan api. Anyekung Jnana Sudha Nirmala untuk menghadapi tahun baru (pergantian tahun).
Amati KaryaTidak bekerja/ menghentikan kerja
Amati lelunganTidak bepergian
Amati lelanguanTidak melampiaskan/ indrya
Berlaku mulai sebelum matahari terbit (ngedas lemah).

Ngembak Geni / Ngembak Api
Ngembak geni/ ngembak api miwah ngelabuh Berata pada tanggal 2 (kalih) sasih Kedasa (ngedas lemah).


Kegiatan dalam menyambut Hari Raya Nyepi ini ada dua macam yaitu:
1Sehari sebelum hari raya Nyepi, tepat pada bulan mati (tilem) melaksanakan upacara Bhuta Yadnya (mecaru).
2Pada hari raya Nyepi yaitu awal tahun baru Saka yang jatuh pada tanggal 1 sasih Kedasa dilaksanakan upacara Yoga Samadhi.

Ada empat berata pantangan yang wajib diikuti pada saat hari raya Nyepi, disebut Catur Berata Penyepian, yaitu:
1Amati Geniberpantang menyalakan api
2Amati Karyamenghentikan aktivitas kerja
3Amati Lelanguanberpantang menghibur diri / menghentikan kesenangan
4Amati Lelungaanberpantang bepergian

Dalam kesenyapan hari suci Nyepi ini kita mengadakan mawas diri, menyatukan pikiran, serta menyatukan cipta, rasa, dan karsa, menuju penemuan hakikat keberadaan diri kita dan inti sari kehidupan semesta. Lakukan Berata penyepian upawasa (tidak makan dan minum), mona brata (tidak berkomunikasi), dan jagra (tidak tidur).
Keesokan harinya yaitu hari raya Ngembak Geni, segenap isi rumah keluar pekarangan dan bermaaf-maafan dengan tetangga dan handai tolan yang ditemui, dalam suasana batin yang telah bersih dan dipenuhi kebijaksanaan.


Pelaksanaan Hari Raya Nyepi di Indonesia

  1. Pendahuluan.
    1. Pengertian
      Hari raya Nyepi adalah perayaan hari tahun baru saka yang jatuh pada penanggal apisan sasih Kedasa (eka sukla paksa Waisak) sehari setelah tilem Kesanga (panca dasi Krsna Paksa Caitra).
    2. Hakekat.
      Penyucian bhuwana agung dan bhuwana alit (makro dan mikrokosmos) untuk mewujudkan kesejahteraan dan kebahagiaan lahir batin (jagadhita dan moksa), terbinanya kehidupan yang berlandaskan satyam (kebenaran), siwam (kesucian), dan sundaram (keharmonisan/ keindahan).
  2. Latar belakang sejarah.
    1. Penobatan Raja Kaniskha I.
      Tahun baru çaka mulai diresmikan pada penobatan raja Kaniskha dan dinasti Kushana pada tahun 78 Masehi.
    2. Tahun çaka di Indonesia.
      Pada zaman dahulu, berdasarkan berbagai daftar prasasti hanya dikenal tahun çaka saja. Menurut Negarakertagama, pada zaman Majapahit pergantian tahun çaka (bulan Caitra ke Waisaka) dirayakan secara besar-besaran.
  3. Rangkaian hari raya Nyepi.
    1. Melasti.
      Melasti disebut juga melis atau mekiyis bertujuan untuk melebur segala macam kekotoran pikiran, perkataan dan perbuatan, serta memperoleh air suci (angemet tirta amerta) untuk kehidupan yang pelaksanaannya dapat dilakukan di laut, danau, dan pada sumber/ mata air yang disucikan. Bagi pura yang memiliki pratima atau pralingga seyogyanya mengusungnya ke tempat patirtan tersebut di atas. Pelaksanaan secara ini dapat dilakukan beberapa hari sebelum tawur.
    2. Tawur.
      Upacara tawur bertujuan untuk menyucikan dan mengembalikan keseimbangan bhuwana agung dan bhuwana alit baik sekala maupun niskala. Upacara ini dilakukan pada sandikala (pagi, tengah hari, sore). Tilem Caitra, sehari sebelum hari raya Nyepi.
      Catatan :
      Ketentuan upakara atau sesajen melasti dan tawur di atas melengkapi ketetapan- ketetapan pelaksanaan Nyepi terdahulu, yang disesuaikan dengan desa, kala, patra, (daerah/ tempat, waktu, dan keadaan).
    3. Hari raya Nyepi.
      Sesuai dengan hakekat hari raya Nyepi maka umat Hindu wajib melaksanakan catur brata nyepi.
    4. Ngembak Geni.
      Hari Ngembak Geni jatuh sehari setelah Hari Raya Nyepi sebagai hari berakhirnya brata Nyepi.
      Hari ini dapat dipergunakan melaksanakan dharma santi baik di lingkungan keluarga maupun masyarakat.
  4. Brata hari raya Nyepi.
    Sesuai dengan hakekat hari raya Nyepi tersebut di atas, maka umat Hindu wajib melakukan tapa, yoga, dan semadi. Brata tersebut didukung dengan catur brata Nyepi, sebagai berikut :
    1. Amati Geni, tidak menyalakan api serta tidak mengobarkan hawa nafsu.
    2. Amati karya, yaitu tidak melakukan kegiatan kerja jasmani melainkan meningkatkan kegiatan menyucikan rohani.
    3. Amati lelungaan, yaitu tidak bepergian melainkan melakukan mawas diri.
    4. Amati lelanguan, yaitu tidak mengobarkan kesenangan melainkan melakukan pemusatan pikiran terhadap Ida Sanghyang Widhi.
    Brata ini mulai dilakukan pada saat matahari "Prabrata" fajar menyingsing sampai fajar menyingsing kembali keesokan harinya (24 jam).
  5. Dharma Santi.
  1. Lingkungan keluarga.
    Dharma Santi dapat dilakukan berupa kunjung mengunjungi dalam keluarga dalam usaha menyampaikan ucapan selamat tahun baru dan terbinanya kerukunan dan perdamaian. Pelaksanaan dharma santi ini dapat dilaksanakan pada hari Ngembak Geni dan beberapa hari sesudah itu.
  2. Masyarakat.
    Dharma santi dengan lingkungan masyarakat hendaknya dilakukan dengan: Dharma wacana, dharma gita (lagu- lagu keagamaan/ kidung, kekawin, pembacaan sloka, dharma tula (diskusi) persembahyangan, pentas seni yang bernafaskan keagamaan, serta memberikan "punia" kepada yang patut menerimanya,
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25 February 2012

NGAKAK: Kelakuan User BB, Android dan iPhone


HP DITENTENG DI JALAN
– BB : Lagi nungguin bbm dari si ayang : (always
bbm)
– Android : Lagi sambil nge-restore, rom yang sebelumnya ga enak. (always ngoprek)
– Iphone : Gpp, seneng aja megangnya. (always bangga)
ngakak_2.gif
DI DALAM CAFE SENDIRIAN
– BB : Wakaka, bego banget sih neh orang, broadcast ke yang laen ahh. (dengan suara kencang)
– Iphone/Android : senyum2, baca tret di kaskus “ada ababil pake BB ketawa kenceng banget di cafe”
NGECHARGE HP SAMBIL DI PAKE
– BB : lagi tanggung neh, si A curhat seru banget di grup.
– Iphone : lagi tanggung neh, bentar lagi level 200 selese gw.
– Android : lagi tanggung neh, download rom baru, ga sabar pengen ngeflash.
STATUS BUSY DI MESSAGING
– BB : ga bisa diganggu, lagi nyetir. (hanya nyetir yang bisa menghentikannya)
– Iphone : busy. “ga sengaja ke sync itunes, ilang deh apps gw” (for jailbreak users only)
– Android : not available, “lagi ngeflash rom” (almost all users)
LAGI SENENG
– Android : Horeee, akhirnya Hp gw dapet ICS, download… download
– Iphone : Horeee, akhirnya tamat juga neh game. Maen apaan lagi yah?
– BB : Horeee, akhirnya keluar juga BB gw dari service center.
ngakak_2.gif
NYASAR DI JALAN
– BB
A = BB user
T = temen yang nyupir
A : “bentar gw bbm temen gw yah… Oi ciiinnn, ke airport dari Jl. A lewat mana?”.
T : “udah dibales belom, kok lama?”.
A : “bentar lagi pending”.
T : “hadeehhh….”
– Iphone
B = Iphone user S = SIRI
B : “tenang ada SIRI”.
S : “What can I helped you sir B”.
B : “Show me the way to aerpot”.
S : “Sorry sir B, I don’t understand the meaning of Aerpot”.
– Android
C = Android User
T = Temen yang nyetir
C : “Tenang ada Google Maps…. oke dapet… 100 meter depan belok kiri”.
T : “ohh oke… 100 meter kan… bukan belokan di depan berarti”.
C : “ehh… loh.. kyknya yang itu deh”.
T : “Lah katanya 100 meter?”.
C :”Maap lagi dapet EDGE, Accuracy 1000 meter “.
(akurasi google maps tidak cukup hanya gps,
butuh signal juga. Kecuali pake 3rd party seperti ndrive/papago)(pengucapan yang salah tidak
akan dimengerti oleh SIRI)
APLIKASI
– Iphone : Wah kayaknya keren neh aplikasi buat edit foto, cmn mahal juga yah 25 dollar. Nabung
dulu deh.(menghargai hasil kerja orang lain)
– Android : Wah kayaknya keren neh aplikasi buat edit foto, download ahh dari blapkmarket/pandaapp/apktop /4*shared/filestube. (hidup petani )
– BB : Wah kayaknya keren neh aplikasi buat edit foto, ada yang buat BB ga yah?? (so sorry to heard that)
ngakak_2.gif
GAME ONLINE
– Iphone : “Ayo coba lawan karakter Homerun 3D gw”
– Android : “Sapa takut? buruan add gw.”
– BB : “Ya udah, gw kasih support aja deh buat kalian.”
ngakak_2.gif
BROWSING
– Android : “Beehh liat deh di website ini, keren euy”
– Iphone : “yahh pake flash yah, ga nongol di gue”
– BB : “ini web kok ngga muncul2 yah?”
ngakak_2.gif
YOUTUBE STREAMING
– Android : “Wakaka kocak neh video”
– Iphone : “Mana2… apa judulnya?? Haha iya gebleg
banget”
– BB : “Berisik… boros pulsa tau….
DEBAT DEVICE
A = Android freak
I = Iphone freak
B = Blackberry freak
A : “android is the best”
I : “iphone lah lebih mantab”
B : “tapi kalian berdua kan ga punya BBM”
A : “tapi google maps gw paling lengkap petanya”
I : “gw juga punya google maps, game gw lebih banyak”
A : “ahh… game terkenal iphone bentar lagi juga ada di android, elo kan ga bisa dioprek sistemnya”
I : “gw bisa di jailbreak kok, tapi SIRI gw keren abis”
A : “lebih responsif juga google voice gw, elo kan ga bisa jalanin flash”
I : “ngapain flash kan berat, mending html5″
A : “kalo itu sih gw juga bisa, terus….(dipotong oleh B)”
B : “tapi kalian berdua kan ga punya BBM”
ngakak_2.gif
BELI HP BARU
Iphone : beli ini untuk 1-2thn kedepan (mencari efisiensi)
BB : ini BB gw yang terakhir (mencari-cari alasan)
Android : Anjriiittt, udah mau keluar lagi yang baru (mencari duit tambahan )
PERJALANAN HP
– Iphone
2G : Pelopor Full touchscreen
3G : Pelopor smartphone tipis
3GS: Pelopor kenaikan IOS di dunia
4 : Pelopor HD Display
4S : Pelopor ganti iphone baru
– Android
1.5 : Bener-bener pemain baru
1.6 : Benerin yang 1.5
2.1 : Bener-bener niat ngejar IOS
2.2 : Mesti banyak dibenerin
2.3 : Bener-bener ueeenaaakk dipake
3.0 : Bener-bener buat tab
4.0 : Bener-bener deh… masa device gw ga dapet
– BB
Pearl : Yang penting
BB Curve : Yang penting BBM
Bold : Yang penting Keren
Storm : Yang penting Touchscreen
Onyx : Yang penting buat kerja
Torch : Yang penting style dapet, touchscreen dapet
Dakota, Bellagio, Apollo : Yah ga penting-penting amat, yang penting BB baru
ngakak_2.gif
Kisah diatas cuma buat lucu2an saja, kesamaan nama, tempat atau event cuma kebetulan saja, diharapkan tidak tersinggung. Btw…, symbian koq ga ada ya? Apa karena usernya ga menonjol ya?
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